A Rootless Squid Container Image

Squid is one of the most used HTTP proxy. I've been using it for years and now runs it on Kubernetes as a container.

Although there are many Dockerfiles for Squid, I could not find one that runs Squid as a non-root user. So I created one. You can find and use it on GitHub.

github.com

47 Things To Become a Kubernetes Expert

I've been leading a project team for 3 years and have developed a large system around Kubernetes.

In this article, I'd like to share my knowledge and findings of what I think important when developing custom Kubernetes controllers.

Please leave your comments and/or suggestions on my Twitter, if any.

Use go-grpc-middleware with kubebuilder

Kubernetes and gRPC are technologies to build distributed microservices.

Writing gRPC servers in Go is fun and easy. With go-grpc-middleware, you can add various features to gRPC servers including access logs and Prometheus metrics.

Kubebuilder is a toolkit to develop custom Kubernetes controllers. The main component of kubebuilder is a library called controller-runtime that provides logging and Prometheus metrics as well as Kubernetes client libraries.

When developing a microservice for Kubernetes, these two technologies are often used together. This article describes how. The readers need to have basic knowledge about Go, kubebuilder/controller-runtime, and gRPC.

An example of using dynamic client of k8s.io/client-go

In this article, I describe how to write a Kubernetes client in Go using the dynamic client in k8s.io/client-go package. During the course, you can learn the following things:

• The difference between typed clients and the dynamic client.
• Reading YAML manifests into unstructured.Unstructured.
• Discovering the REST API endpoint for a Group-Version-Kind.
• Creating and updating resources using Server Side Apply.

You should have a basic knowledge of Kubernetes and Go programming. The examples in this article depend on k8s.io/client-go@v0.18.1.

Background: Server Side Apply

Recently, I wrote a program that applies Kubernetes resources using Server Side Apply. Server Side Apply, or SSA, is a new way to create or update resources in Kubernetes API server added as a beta feature to Kubernetes 1.16.

One of the advantage of SSA is that it introduces better patching strategy than Strategic Merge Patch. For example, if a Service has two ports sharing the same port number but with different protocol, Strategic Merge Patch could not identify which port should be updated because it uses port as the key.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: mydns
spec:
  selector:
    app: mydns
  ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 53
    - protocol: UDP
      port: 53

Writing and testing Kubernetes webhooks using Kubebuilder v2

Recently, I am leading a project to re-design our on-premise data centers using Kubernetes. Inevitably there are opportunities to develop Kubernetes native applications.

The architecture of Kubernetes is like "hub-and-spoke"; the center of the system is kube-apiserver and all other programs communicate with it.

Ref. https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/architecture/cloud-controller/

To customize Kubernetes, kube-apiserver provides the following functions:

• Custom Resource Definition (CRD)
• Aggregation Layer
• Mutating/Validating Webhook

This article describes how to implement and test webhooks using Kubebuilder v2. Be warned that the contents are lengthy and meant for professionals.

Making well-behaved programs in Go with cybozu-go/cmd

We at kintone.com are using Go for variety of tasks.

In early days when we started using Go, there were only few in-house rules to create commands. As a result, we faced several difficulties:

• Some servers did not record access logs.
• Some programs did not record command execution logs.
• No common spec to handle SIGINT or SIGTERM.
• Some programs did not reopen log files, making log rotation difficult.
• Inconsistent log formats.

How to hack Go's http.Server correctly

One of my recent work was a design and implementation of a framework for Go programs. It is open-sourced at GitHub https://github.com/cybozu-go/cmd .

During the work, I have tackled how to enhance Go's http.Server by adding access logging and ability to stop gracefully. This article summarizes my findings and tricks used in github.com/cybozu-go/cmd package.